Cover photograph: Orion Press
Cover design: Creative Room ZES

Photographs: S. K. Kitao, K. Kitao, K. Shinomiya, F. Saito, and M. Fujii.

Acknowledgement
We are grateful to Longman Group Limited for their permission to reprint the following copyrighted materials for pages 101-104.

LONGMAN DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN ENGLISH (pp. 8a, 9a, 10a, and 176) Copyright 1983 by Longman Inc.

This textbook is accompanied by a tape and a teachers' guide which includes an English explanation of how to use the textbook and answers for the exercises. For class adoption, we offer a complimentary tape and teachers' guide. Please contact us at the following address.

Eichosha, Kusaka Bldg., 2-28 Kanda Jimbocho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone 03-3263-1641 : Fax 03-3263-6174

When you read something, you should not just start at the beginning and read through to the end. This is not a good way to read, either. There are a number of reading strategies that you should use to read more efficiently and to understand what you read better. For example, you should first look over what you are going to read. You should look at the pictures, the title, etc., and think about what you already know about the subject. You should try to find the main idea and the ideas that support it. You should think about how ideas in the reading passage are related to one another and look for words and phrases that give you clues to these relationships. You should also think about your pur- pose for reading. Are you looking for some specific information? Are you gathering general information? The different purposes you might be reading for influence how you read. All of these things will help you read better.

In some reading textbooks, you are asked to read passages and answer com- prehension questions about the reading. While such books have their usefulness, the design of this book is different. The purpose of this book is to make you aware of good strategies for reading. You should choose appropriate strategies to apply when you read.

At the beginning of each chapter, you will be given an explanation of the strategy you are learning in that chapter. There are reading passages and exer- cises to help you learn to understand and apply that skill. In some cases, there are exercises that review strategies introduced to in previous chapters. Vocabu- lary words that might be difficult are defined after each reading, and there are also comprehension questions, so you can check your understanding of the read- ing.

In addition, there are three review chapters. In these chapters, there is a reading passage and exercises to review strategies that you learned in the pre- vious chapters.

Reading passages include information about various countries. We hope that you will be open to learning about other cultures and interested in learning more about them.

To the Teacher

It is important to do the chapters in order. Review Exercises cover material introduced in previous chapters, so if the chapters are not done in order, stu- dents will not be able to do the review exercises.

We would like to express our appreciation to Jan Minagawa of Setsunan University, Sabrina Elizabeth Welch of Doshisha Women's College, and Mau- reen E. Davis of Kansai University of Foreign Studies for reading this textbook and making valuable comments.

S. Kathleen Kitao, PhD
Kenji Kitao, PhD

Introduction

Table of Contents

1. Pre-Reading Preparation
2. Skimming
3. Scanning
4. Paragraph Organization
5. Types of Paragraphs
6. From Paragraphs to Essays

Review I

7. Finding the Main Idea
8. Finding Supporting Ideas
9. Transitions (1)
additional information, examples, contrasting information, consequences, causes, conclusions
10. Transitions (2)
expected information, unexpected information, order, intensified information, restatements
11. Outlining
12. Summarizing

Review II

13. Understanding Referents
14. Distinguishing Facts from Opinions
15. Making Inferences
16. Synonyms and Antonyms
17. Understanding Chronological Order

Review III

Appendix A--Meaning from Context
Appendix B--Using a Dictionary

To get an overall idea of what a passage is about, you can look at the title, characteristics, etc. What type of reading passage is it? Is it a letter? a short story? an essay? a set of instructions? Next, you should look at some of the im- portant words, especially nouns and verbs. The point is to read quickly, not to look carefully at every word.

Exercise A
Strategy Exercise--Skimming

Read the following short passages. Write the letter of the passage in the blank beside the type of passage.

___ 1. a letter
___ 2. a set of instructions
___ 3. a diary entry
___ 4. part of a short story
___ 5. part of an essay
___ 6. a memo

(B) December 12, 1995

Dear Monica,

Thank you very much for your letter. It was good to hear from you. Just a short note in reply.

I was happy to hear that you will be in town in January. Please do call me when you arrive. We'll make arrangements to have dinner. In case you don't have my phone number, it's 780-7842. I'm looking forward to hearing from you.

Your friend,

Hallie

(C)

"Your 10:00 appointment is here," my secretary said on the phone.

"Send her in," I replied.

The door opened, and a blond woman entirely dressed in black walked through. "Thank you for seeing me," she said. Her voice was low and somehow rather sad.

"Please sit down, and tell me--why is it that you need to see a pri- vate detective?" . . . .

(D) Lemonade

Mix three cups of water, one cup lemon juice (about four lemons), and 1/2 cup of sugar. Serve over ice. Makes 5 glasses.

(E)
Date: July 20, 1994
To: All Department Heads
From: Allan Rider, Accounting
Re: Salary Report Form

Starting in August, a new form will be used to report employees' salaries. If there are any questions about these forms, please call me at 4-6784.

(F) The Advantages of Using a Word Processor

Using a word processor for writing has a number of advantages. One of the biggest advantages is that the writer can quickly and easily make changes in what has been written. When using a typewriter, it is necessary to type large parts of the passage again if changes need to be made. However, with a word processor, changes can be made with little effort ....

Exercise B
Strategy Exercise--Skimming

Look at the reading passage and quickly answer the following questions. 1. What type of reading passage is this?

2. What city is the writer visiting?

3. During what month is the writer visiting that city?

Put the letter of the paragraph beside the best title for it.

___ 1. A Walking Tour of the Rocks
___ 2. Seeing the Harbor from Mrs. Macquarie's Point
___ 3. Seeing the Harbor from a Boat
___ 4. Visiting the Sydney Zoo
___ 5. Visiting the Town of Manly
___ 6. Touring the Opera House

August 25

(A)

After arriving in Sydney at about 6:00 in the morning, we checked into our hotel and went on a boat around the harbor. Sydney is one of the most beauti- ful port cities in the world. We saw the beautiful Opera House and some is- lands. Later we went under the famous harbor bridge.

(B)

In the afternoon, we took a boat to Manly, a small town near the mouth of the harbor, located on a narrow neck of land between the harbor and the ocean. Manly has an oceanarium, a place where we can see many kinds of ocean fish. There are two glass tunnels in which you can walk under the water and watch the fish. We also walked across the narrow neck of land to see Manly's beach.

August 26

(C)

We started out with a walking tour of a part of Sydney called the Rocks. This was where Sydney was founded, with some of the oldest buildings in the city. Many of the buildings of the Rocks have been restored and are now shops, restaurants, etc.

(D)

In the afternoon, we had a tour of the interior of the Opera House. While it is definitely not as impressive as the outside, it was interesting and well de- signed. There are four halls, of which we were able to see three.

(E)

From the Opera House, we went to Mrs. Macquarie's Point. It is on an arm of land with an excellent view of the harbor. Mrs. Macquarie's husband was a colonial governor in the early 1800s, and she went to the point every day to see the beautiful view of the harbor.

August 27

(F)

In the morning, we went to the Sydney Zoo. It is located across the harbor, so we took a boat. From various points in the zoo, you can see beautiful views of the harbor, the opera house, the bridge, and the city center of Sydney. The most interesting animals were the native Australian animals.

[Vocabulary]
1. restored: put back in its original condition

Comprehension Questions

T F ? 1. The writer arrived in Sydney in the late afternoon.
T F ? 2. The writer likes the harbor.
T F ? 3. The writer went to Manly by bus.
T F ? 4. The trip to Manly took about thirty minutes.
T F ? 5. In Manly, the writer saw the oceanarium and the beach.
T F ? 6. The Rocks is the oldest part of Sydney.
T F ? 7. Some of the buildings in the Rocks have been fixed up to look like they originally did.
T F ? 8. The Opera House is as impressive inside as it is outside.
T F ? 9. Mrs. Macquarie's Point has a good view of the harbor.
T F ? 10. Mrs. Macquarie was a colonial governor.
T F ? 11. The zoo is across the harbor from Sydney.
T F ? 12. There were good views of the harbor from the zoo.

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